PREFACE
With
the grace of God
Almighty, the paper is finished by taking the title
Six Processes of Word Formation is a significant part in the process of morphology. This paper shows
the meaning of six processes and some examples of
its use in English.
This
paper is addressed to us, to know more
about the Six Processes Of Word Formation. Six Processes of Word Formation that have
a distinctive characters.
Thank you to
those who helped research and sources to collect the contents of this paper.
This paper will not achieve its present form without their help.
Tondano, 6 Juni 2012
Writer
Helny F. Lonteng
i
TABLE
OF CONTENT
PREFACE.........................................................................................................................
i
TABLE
OF
CONTENT....................................................................................................
ii
CHAPTER
1 : INTRODUCTION....................................................................................
1
CHAPTER
2 : CONTENT................................................................................................
2
A. CLIPPING............................................................................................................
2
B.
ACRONYMY.......................................................................................................
3
C.
BLENDING..........................................................................................................
4
D.
BACK-FORMATION..........................................................................................
4
E.
FOLK
ETYMOLOGY.........................................................................................
5
F. ANTONOMASIA................................................................................................
5
CHAPTER
3 : CLOSING
CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................
6
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................
7
ii
Chapter
I
INTRODUCTION
Word as a part
of language has important rule in forming a language. People always use it to
build a sentence, but they don’t know where do actually those millions words
come from. People as the user of language sometimes don’t think about how a
language is formed. There are millions words now used by people. Everytime people
get more and more new words unless they know the way it happens. The meaning of
the new word form is influenced by the process of forming a word. This process
is usually called word formation process.
Word formation is the creation of a new word. Word formation is sometimes contrasted
with semantic
change, which is a change in a single word's meaning. Word-formation
process is a way of forming new words or terms from the use of old words. The
processes consist of clipping, blending, acronymy, back-formation, folk
etymology, and antonomasia.
Change or making a new word. There are, of course, numerous
word formation processes that do not arouse any controversies and are very
similar in the majority of languages.
1.
Chapter
II
CONTENT
SIX
PROCESSES OF WORD FORMATION
A. Clipping
Clipping is
the word
formation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one
of its parts (Marchand: 1969). Clippings are, also, known as
"shortenings."Clipping mainly consists of the following types:
1.
Back
clipping
2.
Fore-clipping
3.
Middle
clipping
4.
Complex
clipping
a. Back clipping
Back clipping or apocopation is the most common type, in which the beginning is retained. The unclipped
original may be either a simple or a composite. Examples are: ad
(advertisement), cable (cablegram), doc (doctor), exam
(examination), gas (gasoline), math (mathematics), memo
(memorandum), gym (gymnastics, gymnasium) mutt (muttonhead), pub
(public house), pop (popular concert), trad (traditional jazz), fax (facsimile).
Fore-clipping or aphaeresis retains the final part. Examples are: phone
(telephone), varsity (university), chute (parachute), coon
(racoon), gator (alligator), pike (turnpike).
In middle clipping or syncope, the middle of the word is retained. Examples are: flu
(influenza), tec (detective), polly (apollinaris), jams
(pyjamas), shrink (head-shrinker).
Clipped forms are also used in
compounds. One part of the original
compound most often remains intact. Examples are: cablegram (cable
telegram), op art (optical art), org-man (organization
man), linocut (linoleum cut). Sometimes both halves
of a compound are clipped as in navicert (navigation certificate).
In these cases it is difficult to know whether the resultant formation should
be treated as a clipping or as a blend, for the border between the two types is not always
clear. By this criterion bodbiz, Chicom, Comsymp, Intelsat, midcult, pro-am,
sci-fi, and sitcom are all compounds made of clippings. According to
Marchand (1969), clippings are not coined as words belonging to the standard
vocabulary of a language. They originate as terms of a special group like
schools, army, police, the medical profession, etc., in the intimacy of
a milieu where a hint is sufficient to indicate the whole. For example,
2.
in school slang originated exam, math, lab, and spec(ulation),
tick(et = credit) originated in stock-exchange slang, whereas vet(eran),
cap(tain), are army slang.
B. Acronymy
Acronyms and initialisms are abbreviations, such as NATO, laser, and IBM, that are formed using the initial letters of words
or word parts in a phrase or name. Acronyms and initialisms are usually pronounced
in a way that is distinct from that of the full forms for which they stand: as
the names of the individual letters (as in IBM), as a word (as in NATO),
or as a combination (as in IUPAC). Another term, alphabetism,
is sometimes used to describe abbreviations pronounced as the names of letters.
Examples :
- pronounced as a word, containing only initial letters:
- FNMA: (Fannie Mae) Federal National Mortgage Association
- pronounced as a word, containing non-initial letters:
- Amphetamine: Alpha-methyl-phenethylamine
- Gestapo: Geheime Staatspolizei ("secret state police")
- pronounced only as the names of letters
- shortcut incorporated into name
- 3M: (three em) originally Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company
- E³: (e three) Electronic Entertainment Exposition
- recursive acronyms, in which the abbreviation itself is the expansion of one initial (particularly enjoyed by the open-source community)
- GNU: GNU's Not Unix!
- HURD: HIRD of Unix-Replacing Daemons, where "HIRD" stands for "HURD of Interfaces Representing Depth"
- pseudo-acronyms are used because, when pronounced as intended, they resemble the sounds of other words:
- multi-layered acronyms:
3.
C. Blending
A blend is a word formed from
parts of two other words. These parts are sometimes, but not always, morphemes.
A blend is different from a portmanteau word in that a portmanteau refers strictly to a
blending of two function words, similar to a contraction.Most blends are formed by one of the following methods:
1.
The
beginning of one word is added to the end of the other. For example, brunch is a blend
of breakfast and lunch. This is the most common method of blending.
2.
The
beginnings of two words are combined. For example, cyborg is a blend
of cybernetic and organism.
3.
One complete
word is combined with part of another word. For example, guesstimate is a blend
of guess and estimate.
4.
Two words
are blended around a common sequence of sounds. For example, the word Californication,
from a song by the Red Hot Chili Peppers, is
a blend of California and fornication.
When two words are combined in
their entirety, the result is considered a compound word rather than a blend. For example, bagpipe is a compound, not a blend,
D. Back-formation
Back-formation refers to the
process of creating a new lexeme (less precisely, a new
"word") by removing actual or supposed affixes. The resulting neologism is called a back-formation. Back-formations
are shortened words created from longer words, thus back-formations may be
viewed as a sub-type of clipping.
For example, the noun resurrection
was borrowed from Latin, and the verb resurrect was then backformed
hundreds of years later from it by removing the -ion suffix. This
segmentation of resurrection into resurrect + ion was
possible because English had many examples of Latinate words that had verb and
verb+-ion pairs — in these pairs the -ion suffix is added to verb
forms in order to create nouns (such as, insert/insertion, project/projection,
etc.).
Many words came into English
by this route: Pease was once a mass noun but was reinterpreted as a plural, leading to the back-formation pea. The noun statistic
was likewise a back-formation from the field of study statistics. In Britain the verb burgle
came into use in the 19th century as a back-formation from burglar
(which can be compared to the North America verb burglarize formed by suffixation).
4.
E. Folk Etymology
Folk etymology is a
linguistic phenomenon where by borrowed or archaic phrases are reinterpreted
according to analogy with other common words or phrases in the language. Etymology
refers to the origin of words. For example, the etymology of etymology
can be traced through Old English and Latin to the Greek roots etymo, meaning
‘true’, and logos, meaning ‘word’.
- female (Old French femelle, diminutive of femme “woman”), by assimilation with male (Old French masle, from Latin masculus).
- penthouse from pentice, borrowed from Anglo-Norman pentiz “attached building” (ultimately from Latin appendicium “appendage”). Note that pentice continues as a technical term in English.
- causeway was modified from obsolete causey (French causée) to assimilate it with way.
- bridegroom from Old English bryd-guma “bride-man”, after the Old English word guma “man” (cognate with Latin homo) fell out of use.
E.
Antonomasia
Antonomasia means the formation of a common noun, verb, or an adjective from the name a person or a
place. This trope is of the same nature as metonymy, although it can not be said to
exhibit the idea more vividly. It consists in putting in place of a proper
name, another notion which may be either in apposition to it or
predicated of it. Its principal use is to avoid the repetition of the same
name, and the too frequent use of the pronoun. The most frequent forms of it are, naming a person from his parentage
or country; as, Achilles is called Pelides; Napoleon Bonaparte, the
Corsican: or naming him from some of his deeds; as, instead of Scipio, the
destroyer of Carthage; instead of Wellington, the hero of Waterloo.
In making use of this trope such designations should be selected as are well
known, or can be easily understood from the connection, and free from ambiguity—that is, are not
equally applicable to other well-known persons.”
5.
Chapter
III
CLOSING
conclusion
In this paper different word
formation processes were explained including blending, clipping, acronymy,
backformation, folk etymology, and antonomasia.
Clipping is the word
formation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one
of its parts.
Acronymy is the process whereby a
word is formed from the initials or beginning segments of a succession of
words.
Blending is the fusion of two words
into one, usually the first parts of the one word with the last part of
another.
Back-formations
are shortened words created from longer words, thus back-formations may be
viewed as a sub-type of clipping.
Folk etymology is a
linguistic phenomenon where by borrowed or archaic phrases are reinterpreted according to analogy with other common
words or phrases in the language.
Antonomasia means the formation of a common
noun, verb, or an adjective from the
name a person or a place.
6.
REFERENCES
Haspelmath, M. (2003). Morphology. London: MacMillan Press LTD.
Plag, I. (2003). Word-Formation in English. UK: Cambridge University
Press.Hans
Katamba, F. (2005). English words. London: Ruotledge.
Bloomfield, L. (1962). Language . London: Oxford press.
Wikipedia.com
7.
PAPER
MORPHOLOGY
Six Processes of Word Formation
BY:
HELNY F. LONTENG
10 314 455
A CLASS
ENGLISH
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
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